## Parton Distributions

The parton distributions file contains the `PDF` class. `PDF` is the base class, from which specific `PDF` classes are derived.

The choice of which PDF to use is made by settings in the `Pythia` class, see here. These settings also allow to access all the proton PDF's available in the LHAPDF library [Wha05]. Thus there is no need for a normal user to study the `PDF` class. The structure must only be understood when interfacing new PDF's, e.g. ones not yet found in LHAPDF.

### The PDF base class

`PDF` defines the interface that all PDF classes should respect. The constructor requires the incoming beam species to be given: even if used for a proton PDF, one needs to know whether the beam is actually an antiproton. This is one of the reasons why `Pythia` always defines two PDF objects in an event, one for each beam.

Once a `PDF` object has been constructed, call it `pdf`, the main method is `pdf.xf( id, x, Q2)`, which returns x*f_id(x, Q2), properly taking into account whether the beam is an antiparticle or not.

Whenever the `xf` member is called with a new flavour, x or Q^2, the `xfUpdate` member is called to do the actual updating. This routine may either update that particular flavour or all flavours at this (x, Q^2) point. (In the latter case the saved `id` value `idSav` should be set to 9.) The choice is to be made by the producer of a given set, based on what he/she deems most effective, given that sometimes only one flavour need be evaluated, and about equally often all flavours are needed at the same x and Q^2. Anyway, the latest value is always kept in memory. This is the other reason why `Pythia` has one separate `PDF` object for each beam, so that values at different x can be kept in memory.

Two further public methods are `xfVal( id, x, Q2)` and `xfSea( id, x, Q2)`. These are simple variants whereby the quark distributions can be subdivided into a valence and a sea part. If these are not directly accessible in the parametrization, onc can make the simplified choices u_sea = ubar_sea, u_val = u_tot - u_sea, and correspondingly for d. (Positivity will always be guaranteed at output.) The `xfUpdate` method should also take care of updating this information.

A method `setExtrapolate(bool)` allows you to switch between freezing parametrizations at the x and Q^2 boundaries (`false`) or extrapolating them outside the boundaries (`true`). This method is only implemented for the LHAPDF class below. If you implement a new PDF you are free to use this method, but it would be smarter to hardcode the desired limiting behaviour.

### Derived classes

There is only one pure virtual method, `xfUpdate`, that therefore must be implemented in any derived class. A reasonable number of such classes come with the program:

For protons:

- `LHAPDFinterface` provides an interface to the LHAPDF library[Wha05].
- `GRV94L` gives the GRV 94 L parametrization [Glu95].
- `CTEQ5L` gives the CTEQ 5 L parametrization [Lai00].
- `MSTWpdf` gives the four distributions of the MRST/MSTW group that have been implemented.
- `CTEQ6pdf` gives the six distributions of the CTEQ/CT group that have been implemented.

The current default is CTEQ 5L, which has been used in most studies to date.

For charged pions:

- `GRVpiL` gives the GRV 1992 pi+ parametrization.

For Pomerons (used to describe diffraction):

- `PomFix` gives a simple but flexible Q2-independent parametrization.
- `PomH1FitAB` gives the H1 2006 Fit A and Fit B parametrizations.
- `PomH1Jets` gives the H1 2007 Jets parametrization.

For charged leptons (e, mu, tau):

- `Lepton` gives a QED parametrization [Kle89]. In QED there are not so many ambiguities, so here one set should be enough. On the other hand, there is the problem that the lepton-inside-lepton pdf is integrably divergent for x -> 1, which gives numerical problems. Like in PYTHIA 6, the pdf is therefore made to vanish for x > 1 - 10^{-10}, and scaled up in the range 1 - 10^{-7} < x < 1 - 10^{-10} in such a way that the total area under the pdf is preserved.
- `LeptonPoint` gives the trivial distribution of a pointlike (i.e. unresolved) charged lepton.

For neutrinos:

- `NeutrinoPoint` is the only method, so there is no choice. Analogously to `LeptonPoint` it gives the distribution of a pointlike (i.e. unresolved) neutrino. A difference, however, is that neutrinos always are lefthanded, so there is no need to average over incoming spin states. Since the PYTHIA formalism assumes unpolarized beams, and thus implicitly includes a 1/2 for incoming fermions, the `NeutrinoPoint` PDF is normalized to 2 rather than 1 to compensate for this.

There is another method, `isSetup()`, that returns the base-class boolean variable `isSet`. This variable is initially `true`, but could be set `false` if the setup procedure of a PDF failed, e.g. if the user has chosen an unknown PDF set.

The MRST/MSTW, CTEQ/CT and H1 PDF routines are based on the interpolation in (x, Q) grids. The grid files are stored in the `xmldoc` subdirectory, like settings and particle data. Only PDF sets that will be used are read in during the initialization stage.